Medical Molecular Biology
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Round 4
Start Date: 2023/04/17 ~ 2023/06/30
Schedule: 3小时每周
Ended 111 enrolled
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Overview
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spContent=Medical molecular biology is a crucial course in many majors such as clinical medicine, public health, stomatology, and pharmacy. It is a rapidly developing study in the field of life sciences that focuses on explaining the fundamentals and characteristics of life in a molecular basis. The course develops from the flow of genetic information, and expands on it, discussing from the basic structure and synthetic pathways of nucleic acids, the principles and patterns within it, to regulation of gene expression and signal transduction pathways, elaborating on the interactions between components of genetic information.
Medical molecular biology is a crucial course in many majors such as clinical medicine, public health, stomatology, and pharmacy. It is a rapidly developing study in the field of life sciences that focuses on explaining the fundamentals and characteristics of life in a molecular basis. The course develops from the flow of genetic information, and expands on it, discussing from the basic structure and synthetic pathways of nucleic acids, the principles and patterns within it, to regulation of gene expression and signal transduction pathways, elaborating on the interactions between components of genetic information.
—— Instructors
About this course

    It has become increasing aware to us that almost all of the disorders are related to genetics. Thus, building up a thinking routine based on the molecular level can provide a unique insight and perspective into understanding the development of diseases in the human body. By focusing on the molecular interactions in the cell, not only does this course provide some basic information for subsequent courses, it also helps form a scientific thought process when approaching problems.


The course mainly focuses on the following topics:

1.    Structure and functions of the nucleic acid: significant amount of diseases is related to abnormalities in either the structure or function of the gene. In order to correctly identify the molecular basis of the disorder and make effective diagnosis and treatment, the very first step is to reveal the origin of the problem from the gene level. Through learning the structure and functions of DNA and RNA, the student should understand the indispensable elements that a carrier of genetic information should have on a molecular level: structural integrity and stability, inheritability, and the potential of mutations at the same time.

2.    The central dogma and its regulations: From DNA to RNA to protein, from the carriers of the genetic information to the carriers of biological functions, this chapter discusses the basic procedures of each step of the biosynthesis pathway and the basic interaction patterns behind it. This process is strictly and delicately regulated in the cell to maintain steady functions in the cell.

3.    Mechanisms and applications of the signal transduction pathway: synchronization of cells in the organism is achieved through intercellular recognition and communication. Malfunctions in the signal transduction pathway can lead to abnormal cell proliferation or apoptosis, and is the main cause for many diseases.

4.    Mechanisms and applications of molecular biology techniques: tools developed from theoretical basis of molecular biology such as molecular cloning and molecular probes have become vital resources in clinical testing and treatments.

Objectives

This course is specially designed for international medical students in China, mainly for MBBS（medicine bachelor and bachelor of surgery）students, besides, it is also good for students major in life sciences. It will be good for students in other part of the world, who major in medical and life sciences. It will also be useful for Chinese medical students or Chinese students major in life science. 


Syllabus
The structure and function of nucleic acid
课时目标：Learning Objectives and Requirements1. Requirements for learning ability in this chapter1). Master the composition of nucleic acid, the composition and structure of nucleotides, the similarities and differences of DNA and RNA composition, and the primary structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)2) Master the key points of DNA double helix structure model.3) Master the concept, composition and structure of nucleosomeand the function of DNA.4). Master the role of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA in protein synthesis, 5). Master the structure of mature mRNA in eukaryotes, and the secondary structure of tRNA. 6). Understand UV absorption peak at 260nm of nucleic acid. Master the concepts of melting temperature, hyperchromic effect, DNA denaturation, DNA renaturation and nucleic acid molecular hybridization7). Be able to understand the principle of molecular biological technology related to nucleic acid molecular hybridization.8) Know the experimental basis of DNA double helix structure, diversity of DNA double helix structure, multi strand structure of DNA, super helix structure of DNA.2. Understanding requirements of knowledge points in this chapter1). The difference between RNA and DNA composition2). DNA was coiled and folded to form a high-level structure3). Structural characteristics of mRNA and its role as a template in protein biosynthesis4). The structure and function of rRNAKey points of study: chemical composition and primary structure of nucleic acid, double helical model of DNA, types of RNA, structure and function of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA, physical and chemical properties of nucleic acid, DNA denaturation and molecular hybridizationLearning difficulties: understanding of the advanced structure of DNA, molecular hybridization and its application
1.1 Chemical composition and primary structure of nucleic acid
1.1.1 Components and structure of nucleotides, nitrogenous bases and pentose part in detail
1.1.2 Principle derivatives of nitrogenous Bases, nucleosides and nucleotides in detail
1.1.3 Functions of nucleotides
1.1.4 Primary structure of nucleic acid
1.2 Dimensional structure and function of DNA
1.2.1 The secondary structure of DNA: double helix model
1.2.2 The tertiary structure of DNA.
1.2.3 Function of DNA.
1.3 Structures and functions of RNA
1.3.1 The Structure and function of mRNA
1.3.2 The Structure and function of tRNA
1.3.3 The Structure and function of rRNA
1.3.4 Ribozymes are the RNA molecules with catalytic activity.
1.3.5 Other non-coding RNAs
1.4 Physical and Chemical features of nucleic acid and applications
1.4.1 General features of nucleic acid
1.4.2 DNA denaturation
1.4.3 DNA renaturation
1.4.4 Molecular hybridization and applications of molecular hybridization
DNA synthesis
课时目标：Learning Objectives and Requirements1. Requirements for learning ability in this chapter1). Master the fundamental rules of DNA replication, including the concept of semi-conservative replication, bi-directional replication and semi-discontinuous replication;2) Master the mechanism of the fidelity of replication3) Master the materials involved in DNA replication, including the types and characteristics of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, the concept of primer, primase, ligase, DNA topology and DNA topoisomerase4) Master DNA replication proceeds, including initiation process, elongation process and termination process5) Master the concepts: telomere and telomerase, Reverse transcription and reverse transcriptase2. Understand the fundamental rules of DNA replication. Form a relationship between DNA double helix structure and DNA replication.Understand how to use the basic process of DNA replication to clone a gene in vitro.2. Understanding requirements of knowledge points in this chapter1) The fundamental rules of DNA replication. 2) Be able to Form a relationship between DNA double helix structure and DNA replication.3) Understand how to use the basic process of DNA replication to clone a gene in vitro.Learning difficulties: 1) understanding bidirectional replication and semi-discontinuous replication;2) telomere and telomerase has the relationship with lifetime
2.1 DNA replication following a set of fundamental rules
1.1.1 Semi-conservative replication
1.1.2 Bi-directional replication
1.1.3 Semi-discontinuous replication
1.1.4 Fidelity of replication
2.2 Enzymology and topology of DNA Replication
2.2.1 The materials involved in DNA replication
2.2.2 DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
2.2.3 DNA unwinding follow with topology changes
2.2.4 DNA ligase
2.3 DNA Replication Proceeds in Stage
2.3.1 initiation process
2.3.2 elongation process
2.3.4 termination process
2.3.5 telomere and telomerase
2.4 Reverse Transcription and reverse transcriptase
RNA synthesis
课时目标：Learning Objectives and Requirements1. Memory requirements of knowledge in this chapter1) Master the materials involved in transcription, the features of transcription, the difference between replication and transcription2) Master the concept of template versus coding strand and non-coding strand3)Master the types and characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA Polymerases4) Master the concept and sequence of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Promoter5) Master the process of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription including the characteristic of initiation, elongation and termination of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription6) Master the concept of transcription factors, three types of TF and their functions. 7) Master the processing of hn-RNA/pre-mRNA to produce mature-mRNA, and the concept and structure of spliceosome.2. Knowledge understanding requirements in this chapter1) Understanding the directions of transcription, the basic reaction of transcription, transcription bubble2) understanding the assembly of RNA Polymerase and transcription factors at a promoter3) Understanding the transcription of pre-mRNA is terminated and modified at 3’end at the same time.4) knowing that tRNA and rRNA require post-transcriptional processing Learning difficulties: the mechanism and reaction of post-transcription process of mRNA, make clear how the process happened.
3.1 Biosynthesis of RNA
3.1.1 Materials involved in transcription
3.1.2 Basic reaction of transcription
3.1.3 Transcription bubble
3.1.4 features of transcription
3.1.5 difference between replication and transcription
3.2 Template and Enzymes of Transcription in Prokaryotic Cells
3.2.1 Template versus Coding Strand
3.2.2 Directions of transcription
3.2.3 RNA Is Synthesized by RNA Polymerases
3.2.4 Binding of RNA polymerase to Promoter
3.3 The Process of Prokaryotic Transcription
3.3.1 initiation of transcription
3.3.2 elongation of transcription
3.3.3 termination of transcription
3.4 The process of eukaryotic transcription
3.4.1 RNA polymerases in eukaryotes
3.4.2 Assembly of RNA Polymerase and Transcription Factors at a Promoter
3.4.3 The process of initiation
3.4.4 The process of elongation
3.4.5 The process of termination
3.4.6 The transcription of pre-mRNA is terminated and modified at 3’end at the same time
3.5 The Post-Transcriptional Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
3.5.1 Processing of hn-RNA/pre-mRNA to produce mature-mRNA
3.5.2 Post-transcriptional Processing of tRNA
3.5.3 Post-transcriptional Processing of rRNA
Protein Synthesis
课时目标：1. Learning requirements:Understand the content of(1) The genetic code table, protein factors that are required for the protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.(2) The reaction steps in the synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA.(3) The assembly process of eukaryotic translation initiation complex. The concept and function of SD sequence, the types and functions of initiation factor, elongation factor and release factor, compare the similarities and differences of protein biosynthesis between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.(4) The folding mechanism of eukaryotic peptide chains, the hydrolysis process of peptide chains, the types of chemical modification of amino acid residues in peptide chains, and the targeting mechanism of mitochondrial proteins, plasma membrane proteins and nuclear proteins.Remember the content of(1) Remember the concept of translation and the substances involved in protein biosynthesis, the characteristics of genetic code, the concept of open reading frame, the structure and role of mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes in translation(2) The key enzyme for aminoacyl- tRNA production(3) The basic process of prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, the initial stage, and the three steps of the extension stage: registration, peptide formation, translocation, and termination stage. The concept of polynucleosome.(4) Protein post-translational processing, the concept of signal peptide, and the process of processing and transporting secreted proteins.2. Key points in this chapter (1) Various substances involved in the process of protein biosynthesis, and their function characteristics.(2) The structural characteristics of mRNA and its role as a template in protein biosynthesis(3) The process of protein synthesis, similarities and differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.(4) Protein transportation after synthesis.3. Further request(1) The structural characteristics and functions of various RNAs involved in the process of protein biosynthesis(2) The initiation, extension and termination process of protein biosynthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and distinguish the similarities and differences between them.(3) The new peptide chain needs the processing after synthesis to be active, including the processing of the peptide chain structure and the targeted transportation of the peptide chain to ensure that the protein functions at the appropriate subcellular location.Pay close attention to: Prokaryotic protein biosynthesis process.The difficulty lies in: the processing and targeted delivery of peptide chains after biosynthesis.
4.1 Protein Biosynthesis System
4.1.1 Genetic code
4.1.2 Ribosomes are the workbenches for protein synthesis
4.1.3 tRNAs
4.2 Process of protein biosynthesis
4.2.1 Activation of Amino Acids
4.2.2 Initiation
4.2.3 Elongation
4.2.4 Termination and Ribosome Recycling
4.2.5 Folding and Posttranslational Processing
4.3 Protein targeting
Gene Expression Regulation
课时目标：1. Learning requirements:Understand the content of (1) The concept of gene expression, time and space differences, the diversity of gene expression modes, the multi-level and complexity of gene expression regulation, and the important biological significance of gene expression regulation (2) The mechanism of the prokaryotic tryptophan operon model, familiar with the negative regulation of repressor proteins, and transcription attenuation. The transcription termination stage and translation level of prokaryotic gene expression have different regulatory mechanisms. (3) Translation and post-translational regulation in eukaryotes.Remember the content of (1) Concept: housekeeping gene, CpG island, cis-acting element, enhancer (2) The concept, structure and function of the prokaryotic gene operon, and the negative, positive and coordinated regulation of the lactose operon. (3) The concepts and types of eukaryotic gene regulation cis-acting elements and trans-acting elements. The concept, function and action characteristics of enhancers, the structural characteristics of eukaryotic transcription factors, and the assembly process of PIC.2. Key points in this chapter(1) The mechanism of gene expression regulation is complicated, and transcription initiation is the basic step of regulation. Takes operons as an example, focusing on the conceptual structure and regulation mechanism of operons, so as to understand the expression regulation of prokaryotes.(2) The expression regulation of eukaryotes is significantly different from that of prokaryotes. The transcriptional activation of eukaryotic genes is subject to the mutual regulation of cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors.(3) Different types and mechanisms of eukaryotic transcription factors.(4) Eukaryotic post-transcriptional regulation affects the structure and function of eukaryotic mRNA.Pay close attention to: Take the operon model as an example to understand the regulation mechanism of prokaryotic gene expression.The difficulty lies in: the complexity and diversity of eukaryotic gene expression regulation.
5.1 the basic concept for regulation of gene expression
5.1.1. Concept of gene expression
5.1.2. The specificity of gene expression
1. Time specificity
2. spatial specificity
5.1.3. The patterns of gene expression
1.constitutive expression
2. Induction and repression
3. Developmental gene
5.1.4. The biological significances of gene expression
5.2 The basic principle for regulation of gene expression
5.2.1 Special DNA sequences
5.2.2 Regulatory proteins and RNA in gene expression
5.2.3 RNA polymerase
5.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
5.3.1 The characteristics of gene expression in prokaryotes
1. The σ factors determine the specificity of RNA polymerase
2.The operon mechanism is common patterns of regulation in many Prokaryotic genes
3. Repressors and Repression mechanism are common in prokaryotes
5.3.2 The regulation of transcription initiation in prokaryotes
1. Lac operon
2. The inducible negative regulation of lac operon
3. Positive regulation by CAP
4. The coordination of negative and positive regulation
Recombinant DNA technology
课时目标：Learning Objectives and Requirements1. Memory requirements of knowledge in this chapter(1) The concept of molecular cloning, the cleavage mode of type II restriction endonuclease;(2) The concept, source, classification and nomenclature of restriction endonuclease;(3) The concept and classification of vectors, and understanding of other cloning vectors other than plasmids;(4) The difference between transformation, transfection and infection.(5) The necessary components and application strategies of cloning vector and expression vector;(6) The basic principle and operation steps of recombinant DNA technology (including the specific content of each step): isolation, cut, ligation, transformation, screening (expression).2. Knowledge understanding requirements in this chapter(1). The cleavage mode of type II restriction endonuclease;(2). Strategy of obtaining target gene and several ways of connecting target DNA with vector(3). Classify and explain the selection scheme of recombinants, and explain the principle of blue and white screening using alpha complementary phenomenon(4). Understand the similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages of eukaryotic expression system3. The ability requirements of combining theory with application in this chapter(1). On the basis of mastering the basic cloning strategy, a complete cloning scheme is designed according to the requirements of specific cases.(2). Understand / deduce the application of genetic engineering in basic medical research and clinical practice.Key points of study: Concept of genetic engineering, commonly used tool enzymes (mainly type II restriction endonuclease), the structural characteristics, classification and function of plasmid vectors, α- complementation, blue and white screening, basic cloning strategy, basic principle and basic steps.Learning difficulties: basic principles of cloning strategy
1. DNA cloning and related conceptions.
2. Materials and tools for DNA cloning.
Tool enzymes and Vectors in common use.
3. Basic strategy to get the clone or the gene product.
3.1 Isolation
3.1.1 Isolation and acquirement of target genes.
3.1.2 Selection of vector
3.2 cut with Restriction endonuclease
3.3 ligation with ligase
3.4 Transformation
3.4.1 Low-osmosis plus heat shock
3.4.2 Electroporation
3.5 Selection or screening
3.5.1 Genetic marker screening,
3.5.2 Sequence specific screening
3.5.3 Antibody screening
3.6 Cloning gene expression
3.6.1 Prokaryotic expression system
3.6.2 Eukaryotic Expression system
Molecular Mechanism of Cellular Signal Transduction
课时目标：1. Memorization requirement1） To know: the concepts of cellular communication, cellular signal transduction and signal transduction pathways; the structure of ion channel receptors and basic characteristics of cell signal transduction. 2） To memorize: the concept of secondary messenger; the species, structural characteristics, subcellular localization and function of intracellular signal transduction molecules (secondary messengers, enzymes, regulatory proteins); features of receptor-ligand interaction.3） To memorize: Several intracellular signaling pathways: GPCR-meidated cAMP-PKA pathway (Key point), IP3/DAG -PKC pathway (Key point), Ca2+/ calmodulin pathway; Enzyme-coupled receptor mediated signaling pathways--MAPK pathway.2. Understanding Requirement1) To understand the different types of extracellular signaling molecules and receptor types.2) To understand the structural characteristics of cellular signaling molecules 3) To Understand the molecular mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction and the dynamic conformational change of signal transduction complexes.4) To understand the common basic features and complexity of signal transduction 5) To understand the relationship between signal transduction and diseases. 3. Capability Requirement1) To draw the flowcharts of important signaling pathways indicated in 1.3.2) To understand the functional roles of signaling molecules in the whole pathway3) To understand the relationship between abnormal cell signaling pathways and diseases.Key Points: Concept, classification and function of the secondary messengers; Serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase; G protein (Gαβγ, Ras), cAMP-PKA pathway, IP3/DAG-PKC pathway, MAPK pathway.Difficulties: Signal transduction complexes; Features of signal transduction; Signal transduction network.
1. Overview of cellular signal transduction
2. Extracellular signal molecules
2.1. Extracellular molecules
2.2. Receptor-ligand interaction
3. Intracellular signaling molecules
3.1. Secondary messenger
3.1.1 Feature of secondary messenger
3.1.2 Different types of secondary messenger
3.2. Enzymes
3.2.1 Protein Ser/Thr kinase
3.2.2 Protein tyrosine kinase
3.3. Regulatory proteins
3.3.1 G protein
3.3.2 Adaptor and scaffold proteins
4. Receptor-mediated signaling pathways
4.1. Intracellular receptor
4.2. Ion-channel receptor
4.3. G protein-coupled receptor
4.3.1 cAMP-PKA pathway
4.3.2 IP3/DAG-PKC pathway
4.3.3 Ca2+/CaM-PK pathway
4.4. Enzyme-linked receptor
5. Common traits of signal transduction
5.1. Common traits of signal transduction
5.2. Diversity of signal transduction
6. Signal transduction and diseases
6.1. Receptor abnormal activation
6.2. Receptor abnormal inactivation
6.3. Signaling molecule abnormal activation
6.4. Signaling molecule abnormal inactivation
展开全部
Prerequisites

inorganic chemistry

organic chemistry

biology

References

Lehninger PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, Seventh Edition, David L. Nelson and Michael     M. Cox.

Molecule Biology of THE CELL, Sixth Edition, Bruce Alberts et al.

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Shandong University
Instructors
Jianrong HAO

Jianrong HAO

associate professor