spContent=This course is the English version of the China national first-class undergraduate course "Engineering Thermodynamics".
Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications is a science which studies the conversion law of thermal energy and mechanical energy to improve the economy of energy utilization. This curriculum is an important basic course in the fields of energy, power, machinery, aerospace, materials, chemistry, biological engineering, etc. It is a basic course to cultivate talents with innovative ability in the fields related to energy, especially heat energy, and also a basic course to cultivate the scientific quality of engineering students in the 21st century.
This course is the English version of the China national first-class undergraduate course "Engineering Thermodynamics".
Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications is a science which studies the conversion law of thermal energy and mechanical energy to improve the economy of energy utilization. This curriculum is an important basic course in the fields of energy, power, machinery, aerospace, materials, chemistry, biological engineering, etc. It is a basic course to cultivate talents with innovative ability in the fields related to energy, especially heat energy, and also a basic course to cultivate the scientific quality of engineering students in the 21st century.
—— 课程团队
课程概述
This curriculum, Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications, is a basic engineering theoretical science which studies the thermodynamic properties of matter and the conversion between thermal energy and other energies. It is a required curriculum for the major of thermal energy and power engineering. The curriculum tasks are to help students mastering the basic theory and knowledge of energy conversion, having the ability to analyze and calculate the thermal equipment, and putting forward the ways to improve the conversion efficiency. Through the study of the course knowledge systematically, especially by the implementation of research-based teaching mode, the reinforcement of engineering practical problem analysis and the training projects, students can improve the ability to actively acquire knowledge, the analyzing and judging abilities of combining theory with practice and engineering problems of their major, the comprehensive quality of scientific research and technological innovation, and a solid foundation can be provided for students to study the follow-up courses. The study of this course can provide students with necessary theoretical knowledge and technical ability for the scientific research, design, experiment and management of thermal energy and power engineering.
授课目标
Teaching goals are:
Students should master the basic concepts of engineering thermodynamics and the basic theories of the first law and the second law of thermodynamics, be able to correctly apply the basic concepts and laws to solve practical problems in energy system engineering, and be cultivated with the professional basic knowledge and skills needed to solve complex engineering problems in energy utilization system.
By learning the thermodynamic properties of ideal gas, water vapor, wet air and other working substances, students can be able to make thermodynamic calculations skillfully by using the property formulas and charts of common working substances, master thermal process and various thermal cycle analysis methods, have a deep understanding of the basic principles and main ways to improve the thermal economy of energy utilization.
课程大纲
Basic concepts
课时目标：Identify the unique vocabulary associated with thermodynamics through the precise definition of basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the development of the principles of thermodynamics.Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and cycle.
1.1 System
1.2 State and equilibrium of a system
1.3 Properties of a system
1.4 Temperature
1.5 Pressure
1.6 Processes & Cycles
The first law of thermodynamics
课时目标：Introduce the concept of energy and define its various forms.Discuss the nature of internal energy.Define the concept of heat and the terminology associated with energy transfer by heat.Define the concept of work, including electrical work and several forms of mechanical work.Introduce the first law of thermodynamics, energy balances, and mechanisms of energy transfer to or from a system.Determine that a fluid flowing across a control surface of a control volume carries energy across the control surface in addition to any energy transfer across the control surface that may be in the form of heat and/or work.
2.1 Essence of the first law of thermodynamics
2.2 Internal energy and total energy
2.3 The first law of thermodynamics
2.4 Energy equation of control volume
2.5 Energy equation of steady-flow
2.6 Relations of energy equations and heat to work
2.7 Engineering applications of energy equations
2.8 Calculations of work and heat
The second law of thermodynamics
课时目标：Introduce the second law of thermodynamics.Identify valid processes as those that satisfy both the first and second laws of thermodynamics.Discuss thermal energy reservoirs, reversible and irreversible processes, heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps.Describe the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law of thermodynamics.Apply the second law of thermodynamics to cycles and cyclic devices.Apply the second law to develop the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale.Describe the Carnot cycle.Examine the Carnot principles, idealized Carnot heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps.
3.1 Tasks of the second law of thermodynamics
3.2 Reversible and irreversible processes
3.3 Entropy flow and entropy production
3.4 Entropy equation
3.5 The entropy equation simplification and the increase of entropy principle
3.6 Statements of the second law
3.7 Equivalence of various statements
3.8 Carnot principles
3.9 The Carnot cycle
3.10 Clausius integral
3.11 Exergy: Work potential of energy
3.12 Exergy of thermal energy and its irreversible loss
3.13 Flowing fluid: Exergy and its destruction
3.14 Working fluid: Exergy and its destruction
3.15 Discussions on exergy destruction
3.16 Exergy balance: Closed system
3.17 The second-law efficiency
3.18 The thermodynamics temperature scale
Properties of gases
课时目标：Describe the hypothetical substance “ideal gas” and the ideal-gas equation of state.Analyze closed systems, including applying the energy balance with property data.Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at constant pressure.Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal energy, entropy and enthalpy of ideal gases.Introduce the compressibility factor, which accounts for the deviation of real gases from ideal-gas behavior.Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in their internal energy, entropy and enthalpy.
4.1 Real gas and ideal gas
4.2 The ideal gas equation of state
4.3 Specific heats
4.4 Specific heat, internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gas
4.5 Calculations of du and dh for ideal gases
4.6 Entropy change of ideal gas
4.7 Changes of u and h for Solids and Liquids
4.8 Deviation of real gas from ideal gas
4.9 van der Waals equation of state
4.10 Other equations of state for real gases
Thermodynamic property relations and generalized charts
课时目标：Develop fundamental relations between commonly encountered thermodynamic properties and express the properties that cannot be measured directly in terms of easily measurable properties.Develop the Maxwell relations, which form the basis for many thermodynamic relations.Develop the Clapeyron equation and determine the enthalpy of vaporization from p, v, and T measurements alone.Develop general relations for cv, cp, du, dh, and ds that are valid for all pure substances.Discuss the Joule-Thomson coefficient.Develop a method of evaluating the Δh, Δu, and Δs of real gases through the use of generalized enthalpy and entropy departure charts.
5.1 Characteristic function
5.2 Mathematical characteristics of continuous functions
5.3 Thermal coefficients
5.4 Maxwell relations
5.5 General relations for ds
5.6 General relations for du and dh
5.6 General relations of specific heats
5.8 Specific heat ratio
5.9 Phase diagram of pure substance
5.10 Clapeyron equation and saturated vapor pressure equation
5.11 The principle of corresponding states
5.12 The generalized compressibility chart
5.13 The generalized enthalpy departure chart
5.14 The generalized entropy departure chart
Properties of water vapor
课时目标：Discuss the physics of phase change processes of water.Illustrate the p-v, T-v, and p-T property diagrams and p-v-T surfaces of water.Demonstrate the procedures for determining thermodynamic properties of water from tables of property data.
6.1 Saturated water vapor
6.2 Generation of water vapor (constant-pressure)
6.3 Charts and tables of properties of water vapor
6.4 Basic thermal processes of water vapor
Ideal gas mixture and humid air
课时目标：Develop rules for determining nonreacting gas mixture properties from knowledge of mixture composition and the properties of the individual components.Define the quantities used to describe the composition of a mixture, such as mass fraction, mole fraction, and volume fraction.Apply the rules for determining mixture properties of ideal-gas mixtures and real-gas mixtures.Predict the P-v-T behavior of gas mixtures based on Dalton’s law of additive pressures and Amagat’s law of additive volumes.Differentiate between dry air and atmospheric air.Define and calculate the specific and relative humidity of atmospheric air.Calculate the dew-point temperature of atmospheric air.Relate the adiabatic saturation temperature and wet-bulb temperatures of atmospheric air.Use the psychrometric chart as a tool to determine the properties of atmospheric air.Apply the principles of the conservation of mass and energy to various air-conditioning processes.
7.1 Composition of a gas mixture
7.2 p-V-T behavior of gas mixture
7.3 Properties of gas mixture
7.4 Dry and atmospheric air
7.5 Humidity of atmospheric air
7.6 Dew-point temperature
7.7 Adiabatic saturation and Wet-bulb temperature
7.8 Enthalpy of moist air and h-d chart
7.9 Specific relative humidity and general psychrometric chart
7.10 Wet air processes and applications
Thermodynamic processes for an ideal gas
课时目标：Discuss and define the process of an ideal gas when one of the properties kept unchanged.Develop the property relations for these processes.Illustrate the p-v and T-s property diagrams of constant property process.Calculate the changes of u, h, s, the work and the heat during constant property process.Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with particular emphasis on the uniform-flow process as the model for commonly encountered charging and discharging processes.
8.1 Isochoric process
8.2 Isobaric and isothermal processes
8.3 Isentropic process
8.4 Polytropic process
8.5 No-work processes
8.6 Adiabatic process
8.7 Constant volume mixing process
8.8 Flow mixing process
8.9 Charging/Inflating process
8.10 Discharging/Deflating process
Gas flow process
课时目标：Develop the general relations for compressible flows encountered when gases flow at high speeds.Introduce the concepts of stagnation state, speed of sound, and Mach number for a compressible fluid.Develop the relationships between the static and stagnation fluid properties for isentropic flows of ideal gases.Derive the relationships between the static and stagnation fluid properties as functions of specific-heat ratios and Mach number.Derive the effects of area changes for one-dimensional isentropic subsonic and supersonic flows.Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations.Discuss the Joule-Thomson coefficient and throttling process.
9.1 One-dimensional isentropic steady flow
9.2 Speed of sound and Mach number
9.3 Variation of fluid velocity with flow area
9.4 Fluid velocity and flow rate
9.5 The effects of back pressure
9.6 Adiabatic flow with friction
9.7 Flow rate, work loss and exergy destruction
9.8 Compression process in a compressor
9.9 Minimizing the compression work
9.10 Adiabatic throttling process
Gas power cycles
课时目标：Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for which the working fluid remains a gas throughout the entire cycle.Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power cycles.Review the operation of reciprocating engines.Analyze the Dual, Otto, Diesel, Atkinson, and Miller cycles air-standard assumptions.Maximize the specific cycle work for cycles.Maximize the mean effective pressure for cycles.Analyze the Brayton cycle and its modifications.Introduce the generalized T-s diagram gas power cyclesAnalyze jet-propulsion cycles.
10.1 Basic considerations for thermodynamic cycles
10.2 Idealizations of high-speed compression-ignition engine
10.3 Optimization of Dual cycle
10.4 Otto cycle and its optimization
10.5 Diesel cycle and its optimization
10.6 Atkinson cycle and its optimization
10.7 Miller cycle and the optimizations
10.8 Brayton cycle and the optimization
10.9 The regenerative Brayton cycle
10.10 Brayton cycle Intercooling, reheating, and regeneration
10.11 The generalized T-s diagram for gas power cycles
10.12 Optimization of the regenerative Brayton cycle
10.13 Jet-propulsion cycles
Steam power cycles
课时目标：Analyze vapor power cycles in which the working fluid is alternately vaporized and condensed.Investigate ways to modify the basic Rankine vapor power cycle to increase the cycle thermal efficiency.Analyze the reheat and regenerative vapor power cycles.Perform second-law analysis of vapor power cycles.Analyze power generation coupled with process heating, called cogeneration.Analyze power cycles that consist of two separate cycles known as combined cycles.
11.1 The Carnot vapor cycle
11.2 The Rankine cycle
11.3 Energy analysis and the deviation
11.4 Increase the efficiency
11.5 The ideal reheat Rankine cycle
11.6 The ideal regenerative Rankine cycle
11.7 Cogeneration power cycle
11.8 A 2nd-law analysis of vapor power cycle
11.9 Combined gas–vapor power cycles
Refrigeration and heat pump cycles
课时目标：Introduce the concepts of refrigerators and heat pumps and the measure of their performance.Analyze the ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle.Analyze the actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle.Perform second-law analysis of vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.Review the factors involved in selecting the right refrigerant for an application.Discuss the operation of refrigeration and heat pump systems.Evaluate the performance of innovative vapor-compression refrigeration systems.Analyze gas refrigeration systems.Introduce the concepts of absorption-refrigeration systems.
Reverse Carnot cycle
Air-compression refrigeration
Regenerative air-compression refrigeration
Vapor-compression refrigeration
Refrigerants and heat pump system
Absorption refrigeration systems
Innovative vapor-compression refrigeration systems
Fundamentals of Chemical Thermodynamics
课时目标：Give an overview of fuels and combustion.Apply the conservation of mass to reacting systems to determine balanced reaction equations.Define the parameters used in combustion analysis, such as air-fuel ratio, percent theoretical air, and dew-point temperature.Calculate the enthalpy of reaction, the enthalpy of combustion, and the heating values of fuels.Apply energy balances to reacting systems for both steady-flow control volumes and fixed-mass systems.Determine the adiabatic flame temperature for reacting mixtures.Evaluate the entropy change of reacting systems.Analyze reacting systems from the second-law perspective.Introduce the 3rd Law and the absolute entropy.
13.1 An overview of fuels and combustion
13.2 Combustion processes
13.3 Enthalpy of formation and enthalpy of combustion
13.4 Energy equation for a chemical reaction system
13.5 Hess's Law and Kirchhoff's Law
13.6 Entropy change of reacting systems
13.7 Maximum useful work
13.8 Chemical potential
13.9 Chemical potential for ideal gas and Fugacity
13.10 Evaluating Gibbs function
13.11 Reaction direction and chemical Equilibrium
13.12 The equilibrium constant
13.13 The adiabatic flame temperature
13.14 The 3rd Law and the absolute entropy
Thermodynamic analyses of fuel cells
课时目标：Give an overview of fuel cells.Apply energy balances to fuel cells.Evaluate the efficiencies of fuel cell systems.
14.1 Introduction to fuel cell
14.2 Energy equation for fuel cell
14.3 Output work of fuel cell
14.4 Output voltage of fuel cell
14.5 Types and systems of fuel cells
展开全部
预备知识
This course requires the following prerequisites:
1) Calculus;
2) College Physics (Heat).
参考资料
- He, B. S.; He, D.; Wang, C. J.; Yan, L. B. Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed.; Tsinghua University Press, Beijing Jiaotong University Press: Beijing, China, 2022. (Suggested textbook)
- He, B. S.; Duan, Z. P.; Yan, L. B.; Wang, C. J.; He, D. Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications; Tsinghua University Press, Beijing Jiaotong University Press: Beijing, China, 2020 (in Chinese).
- He, B. S.; He, D.; Wang, C. J.; Yan, L. B. Engineering Thermodynamics: Key knowledge points and comprehensive examples; Tsinghua University Press, Beijing Jiaotong University Press: Beijing, China, 2023 (in Chinese).
- Çengel, Y. A.; Boles, M. A.; Kanoğlu, M. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 9th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, USA, 2019.
- Moran, M. J.; Shapiro, H. N.; Boettner, D. D.; Bailey, M. B. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 9th ed.; John Wiley and Sons Inc.: New York, USA, 2018.
常见问题
The exam time for this semester will start at 9:00 a.m. on June 24, 2025. Please arrange your time in advance.
The questions are relatively simple and are consisted of 20 single choice questions and 3 analysis questions. Good grades can be expected after serious and persistent study!
Boys and girls, come on!
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